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  • 00:35, 31 March 2025 Lawrence talk contribs created page Estimands (Created page with "= Estimands = == Overview == An '''estimand''' is a precise description of the treatment effect to be estimated in a randomized controlled trial (RCT). It defines what is being measured, for whom, and under what conditions. The concept was formalized in the ICH E9 (R1) addendum to improve clarity and consistency in the interpretation of clinical trial results. == Motivation == Estimands help align trial objectives with study design, data collection, and analysis by cle...")